--by Dean Lewis

January 2020 marked the 100^th anniversary of the beginning of the Prohibition Era, when the Eighteenth Amendment[1] to the Constitution went into effect. At the year’s half way mark, let’s add to PHS’s first blog look at Presbyterians and Prohibition by focusing on the work of the Board of Temperance and Moral Welfare under the leadership of an energetic and creative director, Charles Scanlon, and the redoubtable temperance advocate Marie C. Brehm.

Scanlon was not only responsible for these and other annual General Assembly actions, but was also maintaining a constant advocacy for their implementation. He stretched the authority of his Board through direct political advocacy. In states considering prohibition legislation (23 of the 48 states had done so by 1916), he financially supported organizers in those campaigns. He also employed Presbyterian suffragist and temperance advocate, Marie C. Brehm, as a lecturer. Brehm would go on to crisscross the country for almost 20 years in the Board’s campaign, making her the first “field representative” employed directly by an agency of the General Assembly.

In 1908, Charles Scanlon was elected the Chairman of the National Convention of the Prohibition Party. A secession of Presidents including, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and Warren G. Harding appointed him as official U.S. representative to World Temperance Congresses in Europe.

Scanlon was selected by the Citizens’ Committee of Nineteen to draft the Eighteenth Amendment and to serve as its Secretary. He was the only clergyman invited to the ceremony when President Wilson signed the legislation and even received one of the pens. His statement about that experience, and regret over its outcome, was printed in the aforementioned 1925 issue of Moral Welfare:

I feared and opposed the use of the word “intoxicating” in the XVIII Amendment and wanted to substitute “alcoholic” for it and though I was Secretary of the Citizens Committee of Nineteen to draft the Amendment, I was outvoted and we have the endless discussion of what is “intoxicating” when if “alcoholic” had been used the chemists test would have settled it.

Charles Scanlon’s crusader zeal was matched by that of the remarkable Ohio-born Presbyterian Marie Caroline Brehm. Brehm was Scanlon’s faithful comrade for most of the time he was Secretary of the Board of Temperance and Moral Welfare. Known throughout her active life as Marie C. Brehm, she worked as a bookkeeper and teacher before moving to Olney, Illinois in her early twenties to live with an uncle. She taught Sunday School in the First Presbyterian Church and art, embroidery, and painting in a private academy for several years before joining the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1891 at the age of thirty. Temperance and women’s suffrage advocacy soon became her life’s work.

In 1895, Brehm was elected National Superintendent of the Suffrage Department at the Baltimore Convention of the WCTU. During her seven-year leadership of that Department, she successfully managed a turf war with the National American Women’s Suffrage Association, which petitioned the WCTU to stop its suffrage work and concentrate only on temperance issues. Throughout this time, Marie appeared before both branches of Congress to advocate temperance and suffrage. She also spoke on behalf of a resolution she authored petitioning Congress to establish a Department of Education.

In 1901, Marie C. Brehm was elected President of the Illinois chapter of the WCTU and served six years in that capacity. After leaving that position, she embarked on the career as temperance lecturer that lasted until her death. For several years, as previously noted, she was supported by the Board of Temperance and Moral Welfare as Lecturer in Scientific Temperance; she continued in that service for almost twenty years. She also was a prolific lecturer on the Chautauqua circuit. It is reported that during her career she lectured not only across the U. S. but also in Hawaii, Canada, Ireland, Scotland, England, Holland, Italy, and Switzerland.

Marie C. Brehm represented the Federal Council of Churches at the Conference on Temperance at the Hague in 1911 and at the World Sunday School Convention in Zurich in 1913. In 1909, President Taft appointed her as U.S. representative to the World Anti-Alcohol Congress in London and she was a major presenter in that meeting. Then in 1913, President Wilson appointed her as U.S. delegate to the World Anti-Alcohol Congress in Milan, Italy. In the days before air travel, she racked up a multitude of Frequent Sailor Miles!

Marie C. Brehm was also an active leader in the Prohibition Party, although she turned down a request to run on the party’s national ticket in 1916. In 1920, when she served as the Permanent Chairperson of the Prohibition Party’s National Convention, she again declined nomination on the national ticket; fellow Presbyterian William Jennings Bryan also passed. Brehm declined her second nomination request so that she could instead concentrate on her race for the California State Senate, as she was nominated both on the Democratic and Prohibition tickets. (She had moved to Long Beach, California in 1917, where she became immediately active in both civic affairs and in the Second Presbyterian Church, where she served as a Deacon.) Brehm lost the 1920 California State Senate race to the Republican incumbent.

At the 1924 National Convention of the Prohibition Party in Columbus, Ohio, Marie C. Brehm was nominated to run for Vice-President of the United States – the first woman to run on a national ticket since women received the right to vote. The Prohibition ticket received 55,951 votes in the general election.